Ubushakashatsi bw’amahanga mubijyanye nibikoresho bikomatanyirizwa muri gari ya moshi bimaze hafi ikinyejana.Nubwo iterambere ryihuse ry’imihanda ya gari ya moshi na gari ya moshi yihuta mu Bushinwa no gukoresha ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gihugu muri uru rwego biragenda neza, fibre ishimangirwa n’ibikoresho bikomatanya bikoreshwa cyane mu nzira ya gari ya moshi zo mu mahanga ni fibre y’ibirahure, itandukanye na irya fibre fibre yibigize mubushinwa.Nkuko byavuzwe muri iyi ngingo, fibre ya karubone iri munsi ya 10% yibikoresho bigize umubiri byakozwe na TPI Composites Company, naho ibindi ni fibre yibirahure, bityo irashobora kuringaniza ibiciro mugihe itanga uburemere bworoshye.Gukoresha cyane fibre fibre byanze bikunze biganisha kubibazo byigiciro, bityo irashobora gukoreshwa mubice bimwe byingenzi byubaka nka bogies.
Mu myaka irenga 50, Norplex-Micarta, ikora ibihangano bya termosetting, ifite ubucuruzi buhoraho bwo gukora ibikoresho byo gutwara gari ya moshi, harimo gari ya moshi, sisitemu yo gufata feri ya gari ya moshi, hamwe n’amashanyarazi ya gari ya moshi.Ariko uyumunsi, isoko ryisosiyete riragenda ryiyongera kurenza icyerekezo gito ugereranije nibisabwa nkurukuta, ibisenge hasi.
Dustin Davis, umuyobozi ushinzwe iterambere ry’ubucuruzi muri Norplex-Micarta, yizera ko gari ya moshi n’andi masoko atwara abantu benshi bizatanga amahirwe ku isosiyete ye, ndetse n’abandi bakora inganda n’abatanga ibicuruzwa, mu myaka iri imbere.Hariho impamvu nyinshi zituma iri terambere ryitezwe, imwe murimwe ni iy'iburayi ryemeje ibipimo ngenderwaho by’umuriro EN 45545-2, bitangiza umuriro ukabije, umwotsi na gaze (FST) bikenewe mu gutwara abantu.Ukoresheje sisitemu ya fenolike, abayikora barashobora kwinjiza ibikoresho nkenerwa byo kurinda umuriro numwotsi mubicuruzwa byabo.
Byongeye kandi, bisi, gari ya moshi na gari ya moshi batangiye kubona ibyiza byibikoresho byinshi mukugabanya urusaku rw urusaku na cacophony.Davis ati: "Niba warigeze kuba muri metero ukumva isahani y'icyuma ivuza."Niba ikibaho gikozwe mu bikoresho, bizahindura amajwi kandi bituma gari ya moshi ituza. "
Uburemere bworoshye bwibigize kandi butuma bikurura abakoresha bisi bashishikajwe no kugabanya ikoreshwa rya lisansi no kwagura intera.Muri raporo yo muri Nzeri 2018, ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku isoko Lucintel cyahanuye ko isoko ry’isi yose y’ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gutwara abantu n’ibinyabiziga bitari mu muhanda biziyongera ku mwaka ku kigero cya 4,6 ku ijana hagati ya 2018 na 2023, bikaba bifite agaciro ka miliyari imwe y’amadolari muri 2023. Amahirwe azava mubikorwa bitandukanye, harimo hanze, imbere, hood na powertrain ibice, nibikoresho byamashanyarazi.
Norplex-Micarta ubu itanga ibice bishya bigeragezwa kumirongo ya gari ya moshi yoroheje muri Amerika.Byongeye kandi, isosiyete ikomeje kwibanda kuri sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi hamwe nibikoresho bya fibre bikomeza kandi ikabihuza na sisitemu yo gukiza byihuse.Davis yabisobanuye agira ati: "Urashobora kugabanya ibiciro, kongera umusaruro, no kuzana imikorere yuzuye ya fenolike ya FST ku isoko."Nubwo ibikoresho byinshi bishobora kuba bihenze kuruta ibice byicyuma bisa, Davis avuga ko ikiguzi atari cyo kintu kigena ibintu biga.
Umucyo n'umuriro
Kuvugurura ibikorwa bya gari ya moshi by’i Burayi Duetsche Bahn y’imodoka 66 za ICE-3 Express ni bumwe mu bushobozi bw’ibikoresho bikomatanyije kugira ngo abakiriya babone ibyo bakeneye.Sisitemu yo guhumeka, sisitemu yimyidagaduro yabagenzi hamwe nintebe nshya byongereye uburemere budakenewe mumodoka ya gari ya moshi ICE-3.Byongeye kandi, hasi ya pani yumwimerere ntabwo yujuje ubuziranenge bushya bwiburayi.Isosiyete yari ikeneye igisubizo cyo hasi kugirango ifashe kugabanya ibiro no kubahiriza ibipimo birinda umuriro.Igorofa yoroheje igizwe nigisubizo.
Saertex, uruganda rukora imyenda ikorera mu Budage, rutanga ibikoresho bya LEO® hasi.Daniel Stumpp, umuyobozi ushinzwe kwamamaza ku isi muri Saertex Group, yavuze ko LEO ari umwenda utameze neza, udahuzagurika utanga ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru ndetse n’ubushobozi bworoshye kurusha imyenda iboshye.Sisitemu igizwe nibice bine ikubiyemo ibintu bidasanzwe birwanya umuriro, ibikoresho bya fibre byongerewe imbaraga, SAERfoam® (ibikoresho byingenzi bifite ibiraro bya 3D-fiberglass Bridges), hamwe na LEO vinyl ester resin.
SMT (nayo ifite icyicaro mu Budage), uruganda rukora ibikoresho, yaremye ijambo binyuze mu nzira yo kuzuza icyuho ikoresheje imifuka ya silicon vacuum yongeye gukoreshwa yakozwe na Alan Harper, isosiyete yo mu Bwongereza.Stumpp ati: "Twakijije hafi 50 ku ijana by'uburemere muri firime yabanjirije iyi.""Sisitemu ya LEO ishingiye kuri fibre ikomeza ya laminates hamwe na sisitemu yuzuye ituzuye kandi ifite ibikoresho byiza bya mashini .... hasi ni amazi. "Igorofa, itapi yo hejuru hamwe nibikoresho bya reberi byose byujuje ubuziranenge bushya bwa flame retardant.
SMT yakoze metero kare zirenga 32.000 za paneli, zashyizwe muri kimwe cya gatatu cya gari ya moshi umunani ICE-3 kugeza ubu.Mugihe cyo kuvugurura, ubunini bwa buri panel burimo gutezimbere kugirango uhuze imodoka runaka.OEM ya sedan ya ICE-3 yatangajwe cyane nigorofa nshya yubatswe kuburyo yategetse igisenge gikomatanyije gusimbuza igice cyubatswe nicyuma gishaje mumodoka ya gari ya moshi.
Komeza
Proterra, ufite icyicaro gikuru muri Kaliforuniya akaba anakora bisi zikoresha amashanyarazi zeru, yakoresheje ibikoresho byinshi mu mibiri yayo yose kuva mu 2009. Mu 2017, iyi sosiyete yashyizeho amateka mu gutwara ibirometero 1100 mu nzira imwe kuri Catalyst yishyurwa na batiri BusE2 bus.Iyo bisi igaragaramo umubiri woroheje wakozwe na uruganda rukora TPI Composite.
* Vuba aha, TPI yafatanije na Proterra kubyara bisi yose ihuriweho-imwe.Umuyobozi w'ishami rishinzwe kwamamaza muri TPI, Todd Altman abisobanura agira ati: "Muri bisi cyangwa ikamyo isanzwe, harimo chassis, kandi umubiri wicaye hejuru y'iyo chassis".Hamwe nigishushanyo mbonera cya bisi, twahujije chassis numubiri hamwe, bisa nigishushanyo cyimodoka yose-imwe. "Imiterere imwe ikora neza kuruta inyubako ebyiri zitandukanye kugirango zuzuze ibisabwa.
Umubiri wa Proterra umwe-shell wubatswe-intego, wakozwe kuva kera kugirango ube imodoka yamashanyarazi.Altman yavuze ko iryo ari itandukaniro rikomeye, kubera ko uburambe bw’abakora amamodoka menshi n’abakora bisi zikoresha amashanyarazi kwari ukugerageza kugerageza guhuza imiterere gakondo yabo ya moteri yaka imbere n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi."Bafashe urubuga ruriho kandi bagerageza gupakira bateri nyinshi zishoboka. Ntabwo rutanga igisubizo cyiza mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose.""Altman ati.
Bisi nyinshi zamashanyarazi, kurugero, zifite bateri inyuma cyangwa hejuru yikinyabiziga.Ariko kuri Proterra, TPI irashobora gushira bateri munsi ya bus.Altman ati: "Niba wongeyeho uburemere bwinshi ku miterere y'ikinyabiziga, urashaka ko ubwo buremere bworoha bushoboka, haba mu mikorere ndetse no mu rwego rw'umutekano".Yagaragaje ko bisi nyinshi z’amashanyarazi n’abakora amamodoka ubu basubiye ku kibaho cyo gushushanya kugira ngo bateze imbere ibishushanyo mbonera by’imodoka zabo.
TPI yagiranye amasezerano n’imyaka itanu na Proterra yo gukora imibiri igera kuri 3.350 ihuriweho n’ibigo bya TPI muri Iowa na Rhode Island.
Ukeneye guhitamo
Gutegura umubiri wa bisi ya Catalizari bisaba ko TPI na Proterra bahora baringaniza imbaraga nintege nke byibikoresho bitandukanye kugirango babashe kugera ku ntego zibiciro mugihe bagera kubikorwa byiza.Altman yavuze ko uburambe bwa TPI mu gukora umuyaga munini ufite uburebure bwa metero 200 n'uburemere bwa pound 25.000 bituma byoroha kuri bo gukora imibiri ya bisi ya metero 40 ipima ibiro 6.000 na 10,000.
TPI ishoboye kubona imbaraga zuburyo bukenewe muguhitamo gukoresha fibre karubone no kuyigumana kugirango ishimangire uturere dufite umutwaro munini.Altman ati: "Dukoresha fibre ya karubone aho ushobora kugura imodoka."Muri rusange, fibre ya karubone igizwe munsi ya 10 ku ijana yibikoresho byubaka umubiri, ibindi bikaba fiberglass.
TPI yahisemo vinyl ester resin kubwimpamvu isa.Yakomeje agira ati: "Iyo turebye kuri epoxies, ni nziza, ariko iyo uyikijije, ugomba kuzamura ubushyuhe, bityo ugomba gushyushya ifu. Ni amafaranga yinyongera".
Isosiyete ikoresha vacuum ifashwa na resin ihererekanyabubasha (VARTM) kugirango ikore sandwich yububiko butanga ubukana bukenewe mugikonoshwa kimwe.Mugihe cyo gukora, ibyuma bimwe na bimwe (nkibikoresho bifatanye nudupapuro twa plaque) byinjizwa mumubiri.Bisi igabanyijemo ibice byo hejuru no hepfo, hanyuma bigahuzwa hamwe.Abakozi bagomba nyuma kongeramo utuntu duto duto twiza nkimurikagurisha, ariko umubare wibice ni agace ka bisi yicyuma.
Nyuma yo kohereza umubiri wuzuye muruganda rutunganya bisi ya Proterra, umurongo utanga umusaruro uratemba vuba kuko hari imirimo mike yo gukora.Altman yongeyeho ati: "Ntibagomba gukora gusudira, gusya no gukora, kandi bafite intera yoroshye cyane yo guhuza umubiri na moteri."Proterra ibika umwanya kandi igabanya hejuru kuko umwanya muto wo gukora urakenewe kuri monocotic shell.
Altman yizera ko ibisabwa ku mibiri ihuriweho na bisi bizakomeza kwiyongera mu gihe imijyi ihindukira muri bisi z'amashanyarazi kugira ngo igabanye umwanda kandi igabanye ibiciro.Nk’uko Proterra ibivuga, ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi ya batiri bifite ubuzima buke bwo gukora (imyaka 12) ugereranije na mazutu, gaze gasanzwe cyangwa bisi ya Hybrid.Iyo ishobora kuba imwe mu mpamvu zituma Proterra avuga ko kugurisha bisi zikoresha amashanyarazi zikoresha batiri ubu zingana na 10% kumasoko yose yo gutwara abantu.
Haracyari inzitizi zimwe na zimwe zo gukoresha ibikoresho byinshi mumashanyarazi ya bisi.Imwe ni umwihariko wabakiriya ba bisi bakeneye."Inzego zose zitwara abantu zikunda kubona bisi mu bundi buryo - iboneza ry'intebe, gufungura ibyuma. Ni ikibazo gikomeye ku bakora bisi, kandi ibyinshi muri ibyo bikoresho bishobora kutugana.""Altman yagize ati:" Inganda zikora umubiri zifuza kubaka inyubako zisanzwe, ariko niba buri mukiriya ashaka urwego rwo hejuru rwo kwihindura, bizagorana kubikora. "TPI ikomeje gukorana na Proterra mu rwego rwo kunoza igishushanyo cya bisi kugira ngo icunge neza guhinduka bisabwa nabakiriya ba nyuma.
Shakisha ibishoboka
Ibigize bikomeje gusuzuma niba ibikoresho byayo bikwiranye nuburyo bushya bwo gutwara abantu.Mu Bwongereza, ELG Carbon Fiber, izobereye mu ikoranabuhanga mu gutunganya no gukoresha fibre ya karubone, iyobora ihuriro ry’amasosiyete akora ibikoresho byoroheje byoroheje bikoreshwa mu modoka zitwara abagenzi.Bogie ishyigikira umubiri wimodoka, ikayobora uruziga kandi ikagumya guhagarara neza.Bafasha kunoza ubworoherane bwo gutwara mukunyunyuza gari ya moshi no kugabanya imbaraga za centrifugal uko gari ya moshi ihinduka.
Intego imwe yumushinga ni ugukora bogi zoroheje 50 ku ijana kuruta ibyuma bigereranywa.Camille Seurat, injeniyeri ushinzwe iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa bya ELG agira ati: "Niba bogie yoroshye, bizatera kwangirika ku nzira, kandi kubera ko umutwaro uri muri iyo nzira uzaba muke, igihe cyo kubungabunga no gufata neza gishobora kugabanuka."Intego zinyongera ni ukugabanya ingufu zuruhande rwa gari ya moshi 40% no gutanga ubuzima bwubuzima.Ikigo gishinzwe umutekano wa gari ya moshi n’Ubwongereza kidaharanira inyungu (RSSB) gitera inkunga umushinga hagamijwe kubyara ibicuruzwa bifatika.
Hakozwe ibigeragezo byinshi byo gukora kandi hashyizweho ibice byinshi byipimisha hakoreshejwe progaramu zipfa gukanda, ibisanzwe bitose, parufe na autoclave.Kuberako umusaruro wa bogies waba muke, isosiyete yahisemo epoxy prepreg yakize muri autoclave nkuburyo buhenze cyane bwo kubaka.
Ubunini bwuzuye bwa bogie prototype ifite uburebure bwa metero 8.8, ubugari bwa metero 6,7 na metero 2.8.Ikozwe mu guhuza fibre ya karubone itunganijwe neza (padi idoda itangwa na ELG) hamwe nigitambara kibisi cya karubone.Fibre imwe-imwe izakoreshwa mubintu byingenzi byingufu kandi izashyirwa mububiko hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya robo.Epoxy ifite imiterere yubukanishi nziza izatoranywa, izaba igizwe na flame retardant epoxy nshya yemejwe EN45545-2 kugirango ikoreshwe muri gari ya moshi.
Bitandukanye na bogies yicyuma, isudira kuva kumurongo kugeza kumirongo ibiri, bogi izubakwa izubakwa hejuru hamwe nibice bitandukanye hanyuma bigahuzwa hamwe.Kugirango usimbuze ibyuma bihari bihari, verisiyo igizwe igomba guhuza ihagarikwa na feri ihuza imirongo hamwe nibindi bikoresho muburyo bumwe.Seurat ati: "Kugeza ubu, twahisemo kugumisha ibyuma, ariko ku yindi mishinga, birashobora kuba byiza gusimbuza ibyuma hamwe n'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa compte kugira ngo turusheho kugabanya ibiro bya nyuma".
Umunyamuryango wa consortium wo mu itsinda rya Sensors na Composites muri kaminuza ya Birmingham aragenzura iterambere rya sensor, izinjizwa muri bogie ikora murwego rwo gukora.Seurat ati: "Ibyuma bifata ibyuma byinshi bizibanda ku kugenzura ibibazo biri kuri bogie, mu gihe ibindi bigamije ubushyuhe."Rukuruzi ruzemerera igihe-nyacyo cyo kugenzura imiterere igizwe, kwemerera amakuru yimizigo ubuzima bwose.Ibi bizatanga amakuru yingirakamaro kubyerekeye umutwaro wo hejuru hamwe numunaniro muremure.
Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekana ko bogies igizwe igomba kuba ishobora kugabanya ibiro byifuzwa 50%.Itsinda ryumushinga ryizeye kugira bogie nini yiteguye kwipimisha hagati ya 2019.Niba prototype ikora nkuko byari byitezwe, bazabyara bogi nyinshi kugirango bagerageze tramamu yakozwe na Alstom, isosiyete itwara gari ya moshi.
Ku bwa Seurat, nubwo hakiri byinshi byo gukora, ibimenyetso hakiri kare byerekana ko bishoboka kubaka bogie yubucuruzi ifatika ishobora guhangana na bogi yicyuma mugiciro n'imbaraga.Yongeyeho ati: "Noneho ndatekereza ko hari inzira nyinshi zishobora gukoreshwa mu nganda za gari ya moshi."(Ingingo yakuwe muri Fibre ya Carbone hamwe nubuhanga bwayo bwa Dr. Qian Xin).
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-07-2023